Drezotomía en el tratamiento del dolor por desaferentización: revisión de resultados y análisis de factores predictores de éxito

Background and objectivesThe treatment of deafferentation pain by spinal DREZotomy is a proven therapeutic option in the literature. In recent years, use of DREZotomy has been relegated to second place due to the emergence of neuromodulation therapies. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate that DREZotomy continues to be an effective and safe treatment and to analyse predictive factors for success.Patients and methodsA retrospective study was conducted of all patients treated in our department with spinal DREZotomy from 1998 to 2018. Bulbar DREZotomy procedures were excluded. A visual analogue scale (VAS) and the reduction of routine medication were used as outcome variables. Demographic, clinical and operative variables were analysed as predictive factors for success.ResultsA total of 27 patients (51.9% female) with a mean age of 53.7 years underwent DREZotomy. The main cause of pain was brachial plexus injury (BPI) (55.6%) followed by neoplasms (18.5%). The mean time of pain evolution was 8.4 years with a mean intensity of 8.7 according to the VAS, even though 63% of the patients had previously received neurostimulation therapy. Favourable outcome (≥ 50% pain reduction in the VAS) was observed in 77.8% of patients during the postoperative period and remained in 59.3% of patients after 22 months average follow-up (mean reduction of 4.9 points). This allowed for a reduction in routine analgesic treatment in 70.4% of them. DREZotomy in BPI-related pain presented a significantly higher success rate (93%) than the other pathologies (41.7%) (p = .001). No association was observed between outcome and age, gender, DREZ technique, duration of pain or previous neurostimulation therapies. There were six neurological complications, four post-operative transient neurological deficits and two permanent deficits.ConclusionDorsal root entry zone surgery is effective and safe for treating patients with deafferentation pain, especially after brachial plexus injury. It can be considered an alternative treatment after failed neurostimulation techniques for pain control. However, its indication should be considered as the first therapeutic option after medical therapy failure due to its good long-term results.     

银杏叶注射液对丙泊酚麻醉引起的大鼠认知功能障碍的影响

目的:观察银杏叶注射液对麻醉引起的认知功能障碍的影响。方法:将75只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、银杏叶组、抑制剂组、激动剂组,每组15只。银杏叶组、抑制剂组、激动剂组从麻醉前3 d腹腔注射银杏叶注射液(2 mL/kg),1次/d,连续给药3 d;抑制剂组在麻醉前腹腔注射EX527(5 mg/kg);激动剂组在麻醉前腹腔注射SRT1720(200 mg/kg)。水迷宫观察认知功能程度,观察大鼠脑组织神经元形态学变化,透射电镜观察脑组织组织超微结构,检测Iba-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、SOD、MDA、SIRT1、NF-κB、IκB-α、Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3指标变化。结果:与模型组、抑制剂组比较,银杏叶组和激动剂组大鼠逃避潜伏期缩短、穿越平台次数增多、脑组织神经细胞形态改善,突触数量增多,SIRT1、IκB-α、Bcl-2、SOD表达升高,IκB-α、Bax、Caspase-3、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、MDA表达降低(P<0.05);与银杏叶组比较,激动剂组的上述情况均较优(P<0.05);与模型组比较,抑制剂组的上述情况均较优(P<0.05)。结论:银杏叶注射液改善麻醉引起的认知障碍,其机制之一可能通过SIRT1/NF-κB通路介导。     

Another (Internal) Epineurium: Beyond the Anatomical Barriers of Nerves

The epineurium has been accepted as the outer anatomical barrier of the peripheral nerves. Our objective was to characterize the microanatomy of the layers surrounding nerves using different tissue-specific staining methods. Two hundred forty-two cross sections of human sciatic and median nerves, and brachial plexuses of eight fresh unembalmed cadavers, were examined. The samples were fixed in formaldehyde solution and stained with hematoxylin–eosin, Masson's trichrome, or epithelial membrane antigen under standard conditions. Because epithelial membrane antigen only stains the perineurium, we demonstrated using hematoxylin–eosin and Masson's trichrome that there were different collagen layers inside and outside the nerves. All fascicles had a collagen layer that surrounded the perineurium and were in close contact with it, with no adipose tissue between them. Unlike the perineurium, this layer, an “internal epineurium,” contained no cells, and it surrounded one or a small group of fascicles. Bundling these fascicles or small groups of fascicles together was the true epineurium, and between the true and internal epineurium, we consistently found an adipose-containing compartment. More proximal to this, the tibial and common peroneal nerves were bundled together by another collagen layer, the circumneurium, which also had a fat-cell-containing compartment deep to it. There were scattered collagen fibers among the adipocytes. Using tissue-specific staining, we were able to demonstrate a collagen layer, the “internal epineurium.” Outside the nerves, we identified several fat-containing concentric compartments. Those compartments were limited by collagen fiber layers that were also similar to the epineurium. Clin. Anat. 33:199–206, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.